Introduction
With a foundation in biomimetics and technical biology, I analyzed biological structures to uncover working principles for engineering and architectural applications.
Using 3D imaging, statistical analysis, and materials testing, I translated complex biological data into information that was used to develop functional models by our team.
My experience in biomimetics and technical biology sharpened my skills in data extraction, analysis, and interpretation—key abilities to utilize data-driven methods that
generate actionable insights and solve complex problems.
I have worked on various biomimetics projects, like studying insect movement behavior, designing pneumatic underwater webs inspired by water spiders,
and developing segmented shell structures based on sea urchins. In collaboration with engineers and architects from the University of Stuttgart,
insights from these biological models were implemented in demonstrators.
Research
Biomimetic research represents a truly interdisciplinary approach, benefiting from the seamless integration of expertise across multiple fields.
The success of such projects hinges on close collaboration between team members, each bringing a unique set of T-shaped skills—deep knowledge
in a specific area combined with the ability to collaborate across disciplines. This collaboration fosters innovation and leads to the development
of successful and competitive outcomes.
One exemplary project I have been involved in showcases the power of this
cross-functional approach. The project required input from biologists, engineers, and architects, all working together to translate biological
principles of the web of the water spider Argyroneta aquatica into engineering and architectural solutions. As a result,
we were able to create a demonstrator
that provides an application of our research. This demonstrator was subsequently built and exhibited, demonstrating the practical potential of
biomimetic innovations in solving complex challenges.
Data Acquisition
The data used for the analyses comes from various sources. For my biomimetic projects, I primarily utilized the following methods:
- Observations of behavioral patterns
- Caliper measurements
-
Mechanical Tests
- Uniaxial Compression Test
- Two-Point Bending Test
- Three-Point Bending Test
- Resonant Frequency Testing
- Scanning Electron Microscopy micrograph measurements
- nano/micro x-Ray Computed-Tomography Scans
Data Analyses
The majority of the data I worked with was used for hypothesis testing, where I applied suitable statistical tests to identify differences between groups.
Additionally, I used statistical tests within complex models to detect trends and patterns in large datasets, including 3D data. My analyses also included
the parametric description of biological structures, where I used statistical methods to understand the relationships between parameters. In a subsequent step,
I modeled these parameters to find optimal solutions. Statistical methods for data analyses include:
Descriptive Statistics
-
Measure of Central Tendency
-
Dispersion
- Standard Deviation
- Mean Absolute Deviation
- Variance
- Range
- Inter Quartile Range
-
Shape
Inferential Statistics
- Wilcoxon Test
- Mann-Whitney U Test
- Chi-Square Test
- Kruskal-Wallis Test
- Friedman Test
- Binomial Test
- Pearson Correlation
- Spearman Correlation
- Kendall's Tau
Demonstrators
Publications
Journals and Books
- Gorzelak P, Torres T, Kołbuk D, Grun TB, Kowalewski M (2025) Geochemical signatures and nanomechanical properties of echinoid tests from nearshore habitats of Florida: environmental and physiological controls on echinoid biomineralization. PeerJ 13:e18688. doi: 10.7717/peerj.18688
- Perricone V, Rendina F, Grun TB, Marmo F, Candia Carnevali MD, Kowalewski M, Faccini A, De Stefano M, Santella L, Langella C, Micheletti A (2022) Hexagonal Voronoi pattern detected in the microstructural design of the echinoid skeleton. Royal Society Interface 19: 20220226. doi: 10.1098/rsif.2022.0226
- Perricone V, Grun TB, Raia P, Langella C (2022) Paleomimetics: A Conceptual Framework for a Biomimetic Design Inspired by Fossils and Evolutionary Processes. Biomimetics 7: 89. doi: 10.3390/biomimetics7030089
- Perricone V, Grun TB, Marmo F, Langella C, Candia Carnevali MD (2020) Constructional design of echinoid endoskeleton: main structural components and their potential for biomimetic applications. Bioinspiration and Biomimetics 16: 011001. doi: 10.1088/1748-3190/abb86b
- Grun TB, von Scheven M, Geiger F, Schwinn T, Sonntag D, Bischoff M, Knippers J, Menges A, Nebelsick JH (2019) Building principles and structural design of sea urchins: examples for bio-inspired constructions. In: Knippers J, Schmid U, Speck T (eds) Biomimetics for architecture. Birkhäuser Verlag, Bern, 104-115. ISBN: 978-3-0356-1786-3
- Schwinn T, Sonntag D, Grun TB, Nebelsick JH, Knippers J, Menges A (2019) Potential applications of segmented shells in architecture. In: Knippers J, Schmid U, Speck T (eds) Biomimetics for Architecture. Birkhäuser Verlag, Bern, 116-125. ISBN: 978-3-0356-1786-3
- Grun TB, von Scheven M, Geiger F, Schwinn T, Sonntag D, Bischoff M, Knippers J, Menges A, Nebelsick JH (2019) Bauprinzipien und Strukturdesign von Seeigeln – Vorbilder für bioinspirierte Konstruktionen. In: Knippers J, Schmid U, Speck T (eds) Bionisch bauen. Birkhäuser Verlag, Bern, 104-115.ISBN: 978-3-0356-1785-6
- Schwinn T, Sonntag D, Grun TB, Nebelsick JH, Knippers J, Menges A (2019) Anwendungsmöglichkeiten von Segmentschalen in der gebauten Architektur. In: Knippers J, Schmid U, Speck T (eds) Bionisch bauen. Birkhäuser Verlag, Bern, 116-125. ISBN: 978-3-0356-1785-6
- Grun TB, Nebelsick JH (2019) Adaption abgeflachter Seeigel an ihr Habitat und deren strukturelle Interpretation. In: Werneburg I, Betz O (eds) Phylogenie, Funktionsmorphologie und Bionik. Texte zum 60. Phylogenetischen Symposium in Tübingen, 141-146. Scidinge Hall Verlag, Tübingen. ISBN: 978-3-947020-10-2
- Grun TB, Mancosu A, Belaústegui Z, Nebelsick JH (2018) The Taphonomy of Clypeaster: a paleontological tool to identify stable structures in natural shell systems. Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie 288: 189-202. doi: 10.1127/njgpa/2018/0737
- Grun TB, Nebelsick JH (2018) Technical biology of the clypeasteroid echinoid Echinocyamus pusillus: a review. Contemporary Trends in Geosciences 7: 247-254. doi: 10.2478/ctg-2018-0017
- Grun TB, Nebelsick JH (2018) Structural design of the echinoid´s trabecular system. PLOS ONE 13: e0204432
- Grun TB, von Scheven M, Bischoff M, Nebelsick JH (2018) Structural stress response of segmented natural shells: a numerical case study on the clypeasteroid echinoid Echinocyamus pusillus. Royal Society Interface 15: 20180164. doi: 10.1098/rsif.2018.0164
- Grun TB, Nebelsick JH (2018) Structural design of the minute clypeasteroid echinoid Echinocyamus pusillus. Royal Society Open Science 5: 171323. doi: 10.1098/rsos.171323
- Lauer C, Grun TB, Zutterkirch I, Jemmali R, Nebelsick JH, Nickel KG (2017) Morphology and porosity of the spines of the sea urchin Heterocentrotus mamillatus and their implications on the mechanical performance. Zoomorphology 137: 139-154. doi: 10.1007/s00435-017-0385-4
- Grun TB, von Scheven M, Geiger F, Schwinn T, Sonntag D, Bischoff M, Knippers J, Menges A, Nebelsick JH (2017) Bauprinzipien und Strukturdesign von Seeigeln - Vorbilder für Bioinspirierte Konstruktionen. In: Knippers J, Schmid U, Speck T (eds) Baubionik: Biologie beflügelt Architektur. Stuttgarter Beiträge zur Naturkunde Serie C: 82-93. ISSN: 0341-0161
Conference Contributions
- Nebelsick JH, Grun TB, Roth-Nebelsick A (2019) [Talk]: The echinoid skeleton. An exemplary source of adaptations and their potential usefulness in technical applications. 11th North American Paleontological Convention at Riverside, CA, June 2019. PaleoBios 36:264
- Grun TB, Nebelsick JH (2018) [Poster]: Structural mechanics of clypeasteroid echinoids. Geological Society of America Abstract with Program 50
- Nebelsick JH, Grun TB, Drack M, Roth-Nebelsick A (2018) [Talk]: Biomimetics and the echinoid skeleton. A review of the functional morphological interpretations of skeletal organization and their potential utilization in technical applications. Geological Society of America Abstract with Program 50
- Grun TB, Nebelsick JH (2018) [Talk]: Computational analytics: exploring the structural test design of Echinocyamus pusillus. 16th International Echinoderm Conference at Nagoya, Japan, May-June 2018:62
- Grun TB, von Scheven M, Bischoff M, Nebelsick JH (2018) [Poster]: Biomechanics of Echinocyamus pusillus: the relevance of internal buttressing. 16th International Echinoderm Conference at Nagoya, Japan, May-June 2018:63
- Grun TB, Nebelsick JH (2017) [Talk]: Echinoids in 3d: understanding mechanisms that strengthen light-weight skeletons. Geological Society of America Abstract with Program 49:130-4
- Grun TB, von Scheven M, Bischoff M, Nebelsick JH (2017) [Poster]: Clypeaster under pressure: strengthening structures and virtual modulations of an echinoid’s test. Geological Society of America Abstract with Program 49:84-8
- Grun TB, Nebelsick JH (2016) [Talk]: The significance of internal supports and plate interlocks for the test integrity and the preservation potential of clypeasteroid echinoids. Geological Society of America Abstract with Program 48:138-15
- Grun TB, Nebelsick JH (2016) [Talk]: Echinocyamus test morphology - a minute echinoid as a biological role model for biomimetics. 9th European Conference on Echinoderms at Sopot, Poland, September 2016, 49
- Grun TB, Nebelsick JH (2016) [Poster]: Smashing echinoids: Echinocyamus on the chopping block. 9th European Conference on Echinoderms at Sopot, Poland, September 2016, 48
- Grun TB, Amariei AE, Nebelsick JH (2016) [Poster]: Structures and sutures in Clypeaster rosaceus. Book of Abstracts: 9th European Conference on Echinoderms at Sopot, Poland, September 2016, 50
- Nebelsick JH, Grun TB, Stoll N, Schaich C (2015) [Poster]: Stabilizing instable skeletons: mapping plate connections and internal supports of clypeasteroid echinoids and their implication for preservation potentials in the rock record. Geological Society of America Abstract and Program 47:226-5